Overview
Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by ingesting food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The infection leads to severe watery diarrhea, which can result in rapid dehydration if not treated promptly. In extreme cases, cholera can be fatal within hours. Historically, cholera outbreaks have been widespread globally. Today, it remains a significant public health threat, particularly in parts of Asia and Africa, where major epidemics continue to occur.
Risk Areas
In 2022, the World Health Organization reported 472,697 cholera cases, including 2,349 deaths, across 44 countries. Notably, seven countries—Afghanistan, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Nigeria, Somalia, and the Syrian Arab Republic—each reported over 10,000 suspected and confirmed cases. The geographical distribution of cholera shifted in 2022, with countries like Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic experiencing outbreaks after many years without reported cases. It's important to note that global cholera case numbers are likely underestimated due to factors such as non-mandatory reporting, limited surveillance and laboratory capabilities, and concerns about economic impacts on tourism.
Risk for Travelers
Cholera is rare in high-income countries with access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation. However, travelers can be at risk, especially if they engage in activities such as consuming untreated water or undercooked seafood in endemic areas. Those living or working in unsanitary conditions, such as relief workers in disaster or refugee camps, are at higher risk. Expatriates residing in endemic regions may also face increased risk.
Signs and Symptoms
- Vomiting
- Leg cramps
- Watery stool
- Restlessness
- Dehydration
