Overview
Hepatitis B is a significant global health concern, caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It can lead to both acute and chronic liver diseases, including cirrhosis and liver cancer. The virus is primarily spread through exposure to infected blood, unprotected sexual contact, and from mother to child during childbirth. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent hepatitis B infection.
Risk Areas
Hepatitis B is prevalent worldwide, with higher rates of chronic infection in regions such as sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia, and the Pacific Islands. Intermediate prevalence is observed in areas like Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and parts of South America. Travelers to these regions should be aware of the increased risk and take appropriate preventive measures.
Risk for Travelers
While the overall risk for short-term travelers is low, certain activities can increase the likelihood of HBV transmission: Unprotected sexual contact with new partners, medical or dental procedures in areas with inadequate sterilization practices, acupuncture, tattooing, or body piercing with unsterilized equipment or sharing needles or other drug-injecting equipment.
Signs and Symptoms
- Jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes)
- Dark urine
- Loss of appetite
- Abdominal pain
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Fatigue
- Fever
