Overview
Tick-borne encephalitis is caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a member of the Flavivirus family. Transmission occurs mainly through the bite of infected Ixodes ticks, particularly Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus. In rare cases, consumption of unpasteurized dairy products from infected animals can also lead to infection. The disease manifests in two phases: an initial flu-like illness followed, after a brief remission, by neurological complications such as meningitis or encephalitis.
Risk Areas
In Europe, TBE is endemic in many countries, including Austria, the Baltic states, the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, Russia, and Switzerland. The highest risk areas are forested regions where ticks are prevalent. In Asia, TBE is found in parts of China, Japan, Mongolia, and the Russian Federation. Forested areas, especially those with dense undergrowth, pose a significant risk for tick exposure.
Risk for Travelers
Travelers engaging in outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, or forestry work in endemic regions are at increased risk of TBE. The risk is higher during the tick activity season, typically from early spring to late autumn. Wearing protective clothing, using insect repellents, and avoiding consumption of unpasteurized dairy products can reduce the risk of infection.
Signs and Symptoms
- Fever
- Fatigue
- Headache
- Muscle pain
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Meningitis
- Encephalitis
