Overview
Typhoid fever is a systemic illness resulting from infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi). Paratyphoid fever presents similarly but is caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Paratyphi A, B, or C. Collectively known as enteric fevers, these diseases are prevalent in regions with inadequate sanitation and limited access to clean water.
Risk Areas
Enteric fevers predominantly affect low-income regions lacking proper sanitation. The World Health Organization estimates that annually, there are between 11 and 21 million cases of typhoid fever, resulting in approximately 128,000 to 161,000 deaths. While the majority of cases occur in Asia, particularly South Asia, typhoid remains a public health concern in parts of Africa, Central, and South America.
Risk for Travelers
Travelers to countries with high incidence rates, especially in the Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh), are at increased risk. The estimated infection rate for travelers in these regions ranges from 1 to 10 per 100,000 journeys. Risk is heightened for those engaging in activities that involve consuming local food and water, particularly in areas with poor sanitation.
Signs and Symptoms
- Fever
- Headache and Muscle Ache
- Malaise
- Lack of apetite
- Nausea
- Abdominal discomfort
- Diarrhea
- Rose coloured spots on trunk
Typhoid vaccination is recommended for travellers visiting endemic countries taking into account their planned activities and/or the incidence of disease in a country. This disease can be prevented by healthy eating and drinking and pre-travel vaccination that will last up to 3 years.
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